The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a center of integration for limbic information
and valence monitoring. The BNST, sometimes referred to as the extended amygdala, is …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is a neurotransmitter that has an
essential role in the regulation of emotion. However, the precise circuits have not yet been …

The consequences of chronic stress on brain structure and function are far reaching.
Whereas stress can produce short-term adaptive changes in the brain, chronic stress leads …

Surviving threats in the environment requires brain circuits for detecting (or anticipating)
danger and for coordinating appropriate defensive responses (eg, increased cardiac output …

This review describes the latest developments in our understanding of how the serotonergic
system modulates Pavlovian fear conditioning, fear expression and fear extinction. These …

A growing literature suggests that the oxytocin (OT) system may play a role in human anxiety
states, anxiety-related traits, and moreover, that this system may be a target for the …

Complex motivated behavioral processes, such as those that can go awry following
substance abuse and other neuropsychiatric disorders, are mediated by a distributive …

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder
which develops in approximately 10% of trauma-exposed individuals. Currently, there are …

Recent technical developments have transformed how neuroscientists can probe brain
function. What was once thought to be difficult and perhaps impossible, stimulating a single …