The success of cancer immunotherapy relies on the knowledge of the tumor
microenvironment and the immune evasion mechanisms in which the tumor, stroma, and …

Choices have consequences. Immune cells survey and migrate throughout the body and
sometimes take residence in niche environments with distinct communities of cells …

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly
infectious respiratory virus which is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID …

Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that
represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products …

The exponential growth of precision diagnostic tools, including omic technologies, molecular
diagnostics, sophisticated genetic and epigenetic editing, imaging and nano‐technologies …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

CD4+ T helper cells are key regulators of host health and disease. In the original model,
specialized subsets of T helper cells are generated following activation through lineage …

Cytokines are major drivers of autoimmunity, and biologic agents targeting cytokines have
revolutionized the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Despite the effectiveness of …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, and ultimately fatal, chronic interstitial
lung disease characterized by enhanced extracellular matrix deposition. Repetitive alveolar …

CD4+ T cells are crucial for directing appropriate immune responses during host defense
and for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. In addition to the classical biphasic …