▪ Abstract Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity is widespread in nature and includes
variation in life history, morphology, and behavior. In organisms with complex life histories …

Environmental factors influencing parents or offspring during embryogenesis can have
knock-on effects at later life stages of the offspring. These effects may prepare the progeny …

The hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is maintained by divergent natural selection acting
across different environments predicts that populations and species exposed to highly …

Fishes show a remarkable diversity of shapes which have been associated with their
swimming abilities and anti-predator adaptations. The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) …

The environment experienced by develo** organisms can shape the timing and character
of developmental processes, generating different phenotypes from the same genotype, each …

Amphibian anomalies have been a source of curiosity for centuries and the literature on this
topic is enormous. We provide a comprehensive overview of the anomalies that have been …

Abstract Models of defence against multiple enemies predict that specialized responses to
each enemy should evolve only under restrictive conditions. Nevertheless, tadpoles of Rana …

Variation in behavior, morphology and life history traits of larval anurans across predator
gradients, and consequences of that variation, have been abundantly studied. Yet the …

Tadpoles of many species develop enlarged tail fins in the presence of insect predators, but
the function of this response is not known. Because large tails do not improve swimming …

Phenotypic plasticity has been studied intensively in experimental settings but infrequently
in nature, and therefore the relevance of experimental findings is poorly known. This is …