Observed Arctic sea ice losses are a sentinel of anthropogenic climate change. These
reductions are projected to continue with ongoing warming, ultimately leading to an ice-free …

The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth
century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

The sixth assessment report of the IPCC assessed that the Arctic is projected to be on
average practically ice-free in September near mid-century under intermediate and high …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6
models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational …

Abstract The new Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-
ESM2. 0) has been developed based on previous models, MRI-CGCM3 and MRI-ESM1 …

In recent decades, Arctic sea-ice coverage underwent a drastic decline in winter, when sea
ice is expected to recover following the melting season. It is unclear to what extent …

The decline in the floating sea ice cover in the Arctic is one of the most striking
manifestations of climate change. In this review, we examine this ongoing loss of Arctic sea …