A survey of Layer-two blockchain protocols

A Gangwal, HR Gangavalli, A Thirupathi - Journal of Network and …, 2023 - Elsevier
After the success of the Bitcoin blockchain, came several cryptocurrencies and blockchain
solutions in the last decade. Nonetheless, Blockchain-based systems still suffer from low …

A survey on blockchain scalability: From hardware to layer-two protocols

GAF Rebello, GF Camilo, LAC de Souza… - … Surveys & Tutorials, 2024 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Despite the great success of blockchain systems in recent years, blockchains still struggle to
provide the same level of latency and throughput as centralized financial systems. The core …

Anonymous multi-hop locks for blockchain scalability and interoperability

G Malavolta, P Moreno-Sanchez… - Cryptology ePrint …, 2018 - eprint.iacr.org
Tremendous growth in cryptocurrency usage is exposing the inherent scalability issues with
permissionless blockchain technology. Payment-channel networks (PCNs) have emerged …

Sprites and state channels: Payment networks that go faster than lightning

A Miller, I Bentov, S Bakshi, R Kumaresan… - … conference on financial …, 2019 - Springer
Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot
support more than several transactions per second. Off-chain payment channels, a “layer 2” …

General state channel networks

S Dziembowski, S Faust, K Hostáková - Proceedings of the 2018 ACM …, 2018 - dl.acm.org
One of the fundamental challenges that hinder further adaption of decentralized
cryptocurrencies is scalability. Because current cryptocurrencies require that all transactions …

Survey on blockchain networking: Context, state-of-the-art, challenges

M Dotan, YA Pignolet, S Schmid, S Tochner… - ACM Computing …, 2021 - dl.acm.org
Blockchains, in general, and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, in particular, are realized
using distributed systems and hence critically rely on the performance and security of the …

Perun: Virtual payment hubs over cryptocurrencies

S Dziembowski, L Eckey, S Faust… - 2019 IEEE Symposium …, 2019 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Payment channels emerged recently as an efficient method for performing cheap
micropayments in cryptocurrencies. In contrast to traditional on-chain transactions, payment …

High throughput cryptocurrency routing in payment channel networks

V Sivaraman, SB Venkatakrishnan, K Ruan… - … USENIX Symposium on …, 2020 - usenix.org
Despite growing adoption of cryptocurrencies, making fast payments at scale remains a
challenge. Payment channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network have emerged …

Deter-Pay: A deterministic routing protocol in concurrent payment channel network

Q Cai, J Chen, D Luo, G Sun, H Yu… - IEEE Internet of Things …, 2024 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Payment channel networks (PCNs) have emerged as a leading solution to address the
scalability problem of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. Within a PCN, two parties can …

Discharged payment channels: Quantifying the lightning network's resilience to topology-based attacks

E Rohrer, J Malliaris, F Tschorsch - 2019 IEEE european …, 2019 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
The Lightning Network is the most widely used payment channel network (PCN) to date,
making it an attractive attack surface for adversaries. In this paper, we analyze the Lightning …