Pain medication plays an important role in the treatment of acute and chronic pain
conditions, but some drugs, opioids in particular, have been overprescribed or prescribed …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain
processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral …

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a functionally and structurally heterogeneous
region and a key node of several brain networks, implicated in cognitive, affective, and …

Pharmacological strategies for pain management have primarily focused on dampening
ascending neurotransmission and on opioid receptor–mediated therapies. Little is known …

Neuroimaging has greatly enhanced the cognitive neuroscience understanding of the
human brain and its variation across individuals (neurodiversity) in both health and disease …

Pain is estimated to affect more than 20% of the global population, imposing incalculable
health and economic burdens. Effective pain management is crucial for individuals suffering …

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can …

The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical
research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the …

Despite its initial treatment as a nuisance variable, the placebo effect is now recognized as a
powerful determinant of health across many different diseases and encounters. This is in …

Today we are witnessing a new science of placebo, a complex discipline that encompasses
several experimental approaches and translational implications. Modern neurobiological …