Codon usage bias is the preferential or non-random use of synonymous codons, a
ubiquitous phenomenon observed in bacteria, plants and animals. Different species have …

The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Efforts to construct synthetic networks in living cells have been hindered by the limited
number of regulatory components that provide wide dynamic range and low crosstalk. Here …

The ease of genetic manipulation, low cost, rapid growth and number of previous studies
have made Escherichia coli one of the most widely used microorganism species for …

Degeneracy in the genetic code, which enables a single protein to be encoded by a
multitude of synonymous gene sequences, has an important role in regulating protein …

Recoding—the repurposing of genetic codons—is a powerful strategy for enhancing
genomes with functions not commonly found in nature. Here, we report computational …

Ribosome-footprint profiling provides genome-wide snapshots of translation, but technical
challenges can confound its analysis. Here, we use improved methods to obtain ribosome …

A comprehensive understanding of RNA structure will provide fundamental insights into the
cellular function of both coding and non-coding RNAs. Although many RNA structures have …

Summary mRNAs can fold into complex structures that regulate gene expression. Resolving
such structures de novo has remained challenging and has limited our understanding of the …