All microorganisms possess a positive turgor, and maintenance of this outward-directed
pressure is essential since it is generally considered as the driving force for cell expansion …

Two general strategies exist for the growth and survival of prokaryotes in environments of
elevated osmolarity. The 'salt in cytoplasm'approach, which requires extensive structural …

Bacteria can survive dramatic osmotic shifts. Osmoregulatory responses mitigate the passive
adjustments in cell structure and the growth inhibition that may ensue. The levels of certain …

Bacteria inhabit natural and artificial environments with diverse and fluctuating osmolalities,
salinities and temperatures. Many maintain cytoplasmic hydration, growth and survival most …

Bacteria have evolved mechanisms that allow them to adapt to changes in osmolarity and
some species have adapted to live optimally in high salinity environments such as in the …

▪ Abstract In procaryotes, l-carnitine may be used as both a carbon and nitrogen source for
aerobic growth, or the carbon chain may be used selectively following cleavage of …

The availability of water is the most important prerequisite for life of any living cell, and
exposure of cells to hypersaline conditions always threatens the cells with a drastic loss of …

Osmoregulated transporters sense intracellular osmotic pressure and respond to
hyperosmotic stress by accumulation of osmolytes to restore normal hydration levels. Here …

In their natural habitats, microorganisms are often exposed to osmolality changes in the
environment. The osmotic stress must be sensed and converted into an activity change of …

Increases in the environmental osmolarity are key determinants for the growth of
microorganisms. To ensure a physiologically acceptable level of cellular hydration and …