The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

Poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG) is widely used as a gold standard in bioconjugation and
nanomedicine to prolong blood circulation time and improve drug efficacy. The conjugation …

Despite multiple immunotherapeutic technologies that achieve potent T cell activation,
effector T cells still lack efficiency because of the highly immunosuppressive conditions in …

Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as “miracle” materials with manifold applications
in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing …

Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide have been widely considered as
promising candidates for industrial and biomedical applications due to their exceptionally …

Metastasis causes greater than 90% of cancer-associated deaths, presenting huge
challenges for detection and efficient treatment of cancer due to its high heterogeneity and …

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest ever since the isolation
of atomically thin sheets of graphene in 2004 due to the specific and versatile properties of …

The continuing increase of cancer morbidity and death rate requires efficient therapeutic
strategies. The traditional chemotherapy usually fails to treat cancer or prolong survival rate …

A major challenge in vaccine formulations is the stimulation of both the humoral and cellular
immune response for well-defined antigens with high efficacy and safety. Adjuvant research …

Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their ultrasmall size, have been extensively researched for
potential applications in biomedicine. During their delivery and functionalization within the …