Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 75–80% of all strokes, is the predominant cause of
morbidity and mortality worldwide. The post-stroke immune response has recently emerged …

Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally
compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform …

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 is a chemoattractant produced by bone marrow stromal cell
lines. It is recognized as a critical factor in the immune and central nervous systems (CNSs) …

Rationale: White matter repair is critical for the cognitive and neurological functional
recovery after ischemic stroke. M2 microglia are well-documented to enhance remyelination …

Chemokines, and their receptors play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular
diseases (CVD). Chemokines classically mediate their effects by binding to G-protein …

Background Ischemic stroke causes a multitude of brain damage. Neurovascular injury and
myelin sheath degradation are two manifestations of ischemic brain damage. Therapeutic …

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays a beneficial role in the delayed phase of middle
cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, the mechanism is obscure. Here, we …

Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to chronic neurodegenerative
diseases and is one of the causes of acute secondary injury after TBI. Therefore, it is …

Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines are
abundantly produced in various diseases. As pleiotropic factors, cytokines are involved in …

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a disease caused by deficiency of blood and oxygen in focal or
complete brain, followed by inflammation cascade and other pathological reactions, which …