Imidazole was first synthesized by Heinrich Debus in 1858 and was obtained by the reaction
of glyoxal and formaldehyde in ammonia, initially called glyoxaline. The current literature …

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are one-pot reactions employing more than two starting
materials, for example, 3, 4,..., 7, where most of the atoms of the starting materials are …

Fluorine substituents have become a widespread and important drug component, their
introduction facilitated by the development of safe and selective fluorinating agents …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

Protein kinases operate in a large number of distinct signaling pathways, where the tight
regulation of their catalytic activity is crucial to the development and maintenance of …

The inadvertent activation of the Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) causes chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML). A small-molecule inhibitor of Abl (STI-571) is effective in the treatment of …

The majority of kinase inhibitors that have been developed so far—known as type I inhibitors—
target the ATP binding site of the kinase in its active conformation, in which the activation …

The p38 MAP kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play important
roles in cellular responses to external stress signals. Since their identification about 10 years …

Changes in free energy provide valuable information for molecular recognition, including
both ligand–receptor binding thermodynamics and kinetics. Umbrella sampling (US), a …

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