The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

Microbial infections are controlled by host inflammatory responses that are initiated by
innate immune receptors after recognition of conserved microbial products. As inflammation …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor (NLR)
proteins constitute a family of intracellular immune receptors in both animals and plants that …

BACKGROUND Pathogens cause agricultural devastation and huge economic losses. Up to
30% of our crops are lost before or after harvest to pathogens and pests, wasting water and …

A cell is delimited by numerous borders that define specific organelles. The walls of some
organelles are particularly robust, such as in mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, but …

INTRODUCTION Detection of pathogens by the innate immune system is an essential first
step in successful host defense against infection. Pathogens are typically detected by …

As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both
inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are …

SUMMARY A balanced gut microbiota contributes to health, but the mechanisms
maintaining homeostasis remain elusive. Microbiota assembly during infancy is governed by …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases, such as
Crohn disease and type 2 diabetes,. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response …

Cytosolic inflammasome complexes mediated by a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
defend against pathogen infection by activating caspase 1. Pyrin, a candidate PRR, can …