The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

We review the origin and evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars from the
time when their accreting bodies were released from the protoplanetary disk a few million …

Finding life on exoplanets from telescopic observations is an ultimate goal of exoplanet
science. Life produces gases and other substances, such as pigments, which can have …

Venus today is inhospitable at the surface, its average temperature of 750 K being
incompatible to the existence of life as we know it. However, the potential for past surface …

Stellar evolution models predict that the solar luminosity was lower in the past, typically 20-
25% lower during the Archean (3.8-2.5 Ga). Despite the fainter Sun, there is strong evidence …

Nitrogen is an essential element to life and exerts a strong control on global biological
productivity. The rise and spread of nitrogen‐utilizing microbial metabolisms profoundly …

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)—a product of microbial nitrogen metabolism—is a compelling
exoplanet biosignature gas with distinctive spectral features in the near-and mid-infrared …

Context. Lightning has been suggested to play a role in triggering the occurrence of bio-
ready chemical species. Future missions such as PLATO, ARIEL, HWO, and LIFE, as well as …

We review the field of exoplanetary biosignatures with a main focus upon atmospheric gas-
phase species. Due to the paucity of data in Earth-like planetary atmospheres a common …

The composition of an atmosphere has integrated the geological history of the entire
planetary body. However, the long-term evolutions of the atmospheres of the terrestrial …