Macrophages can be affected by a variety of factors to change their phenotype and thus
affect their function. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two categories, M1-like …

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription
factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised …

Inflammatory responses, like all biological cascades, are shaped by a delicate balance
between positive and negative feedback loops. It is now clear that in addition to positive and …

Inflammation and oxidative stress are common and co-substantial pathological processes
accompanying, promoting, and even initiating numerous cancers. The canonical WNT/β …

Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain
homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory …

Oxidative stress and inflammation are mediators in the development and progression of
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, and they are inseparably linked as …

Obesity induces an insulin-resistant state in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle and is a strong
risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance in the setting of …

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes is the leading
cause of kidney failure, with both inflammation and oxidative stress contributing to disease …

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the late diabetic complications in nerve, vascular
endothelium, and kidney arise from chronic elevations of glucose and possibly other …

The nuclear receptor PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important
role in the control of gene expression linked to a variety of physiological processes. PPARγ …