Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Knowing how to manage one's own learning has become increasingly important in recent
years, as both the need and the opportunities for individuals to learn on their own outside of …

Previous studies suggested roles for curiosity and interest in knowledge acquisition and
exploration, but there has been a long-standing debate about how to define these concepts …

Learning is usually thought to occur during episodes of studying, whereas retrieval of
information on testing simply serves to assess what was learned. We review research that …

How do learners make decisions about how, what, and when to study, and why are their
decisions sometimes ineffective for learning? In three studies, learners experienced a pair of …

Self-regulated study involves many decisions, some of which people make confidently and
easily (if not always optimally) and others of which are involved and difficult. Good study …

Researchers' and educators' enthusiasm in applying cognitive principles to enhance
educational practices has become more evident. Several published reviews have suggested …

The spacing effect—that is, the benefit of spacing learning events apart rather than massing
them together—has been demonstrated in hundreds of experiments, but is not well known to …

Interleaving exemplars of to-be-learned categories—rather than blocking exemplars by
category—typically enhances inductive learning. Learners, however, tend to believe the …

The literature on testing effects is vast but supports surprisingly few prescriptive conclusions
for how to schedule practice to achieve both durable and efficient learning. Key limitations …