Programmed cell death (PCD) is a basic process of life that is closely related to the growth,
development, aging and disease of organisms and is one of the hotspots of life science …

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway in which cellular constituents are engulfed
by autophagosomes and degraded upon autophagosome fusion with lysosomes …

Autophagy and apoptosis control the turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and of
cells within organisms, respectively, and many stress pathways sequentially elicit …

Autophagy as a means of cell killing was first advanced by Clark's phenotypic description of
'Type II autophagic cell death'in 1990. However, this phenomenon later came into question …

The balance between cell death and survival is a critical parameter in the regulation of cells
and the maintenance of homeostasis in vivo. Three major mechanisms for cell death have …

Oxidative stress is defined as “a serious imbalance between the generation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences in favour of ROS, causing excessive …

Autophagy refers to a lysosomal degradative pathway or a process of self-cannibalization.
This pathway maintains nutrients levels for vital cellular functions during periods of …

BACKGROUND Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process of degrading and recycling
proteins and organelles to modulate various physiological and pathological events …

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe form, known as acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS), are caused by direct pulmonary insults and indirect systemic inflammatory …

Metastasis is a crucial hallmark of cancer progression, which involves numerous factors
including the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the epithelial-to-mesenchymal …