Background In the 5 years that have passed since the publication of the 2018 International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR‐Allergic Rhinitis …

Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a lung disease of unknown cause characterized by noncaseating
granulomas; the heart and nervous system may also be involved. It is often misdiagnosed; …

The systemic amyloidoses are a broad spectrum of diseases that result from misfolding of
proteins that aggregate into b-sheet amyloid fibrils. Over 35 amyloidogenic precursor …

Background The major reasons to treat sarcoidosis are to lower the morbidity and mortality
risk or to improve quality of life (QoL). The indication for treatment varies depending on …

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine executing a diverse number of functions, ranging
from its effects on acute phase reactant pathways, B and T lymphocytes, blood brain barrier …

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of
granulomas in various organs. It affects people of all ethnic backgrounds and occurs at any …

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) results from epithelioid cell granulomas infiltrating the myocardium
and predisposing to conduction disturbances, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and heart …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic immune cytokine that belongs to the
TNF superfamily of receptor ligands. The cytokine exists as either a transmembrane or a …

Sarcoidosis is characterized by noncaseating granulomas which form in almost any part of
the body, primarily in the lungs and/or thoracic lymph nodes. Environmental exposures in …

Although often regarded as a protean illness with myriad clinical and imaging
manifestations, neurosarcoidosis typically presents as recognizable syndromes that can be …