The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

Heat storage within the Earth system is a fundamental metric for understanding climate
change. The current energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere causes changes in …

Estimates of the past thermal state of the land surface are crucial to assess the magnitude of
current anthropogenic climate change, as well as to assess the ability of Earth System …

The anthropogenically-intensified greenhouse effect has caused a radiative imbalance at
the top of the atmosphere during the industrial period. This, in turn, has led to an energy …

Global climate models are susceptible to drift, causing spurious trends in output variables.
Drift is often corrected using data from a control simulation. However, internal climate …