Prokaryotic life has dominated most of the evolutionary history of our planet, evolving to
occupy virtually all available environmental niches. Extremophiles, especially those thriving …

The continental crust is unique to the Earth in the solar system, and controversies remain
regarding its origin, accretion and reworking of continents. The plate tectonics theory has …

Deep earthquakes behave like shallow earthquakes but must have fundamentally different
physical processes. Their rupture behaviors, magnitude-frequency statistics, and aftershocks …

How an earthquake rupture propagates strongly influences the potentially destructive
ground shaking. Complex ruptures often involve slip along multiple faults, which masks …

The cause of intermediate-depth (50–300 km) seismicity in subduction zones is uncertain. It
is typically attributed either to rock embrittlement associated with fluid pressurization, or to …

We develop an approach to calculate earthquake source directivity and rupture velocity for
small earthquakes, using the whole source time function rather than just an estimate of the …

Maximum depths of earthquakes in different settings are commonly thought to lie within a
transition, many kilometers in width, from brittle deformation at shallow depths to plastic …

The along‐strike rupture directivity of 16 of the strongest earthquakes (4.4≤ M w≤ 6.5)
within the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence is estimated by investigating high …

The spectra of earthquake waveforms can provide important insight into rupture processes,
but the analysis and interpretation of these spectra is rarely straightforward. Here we …

The rupture behavior of microseismicity in fluid‐injection settings with low fault stresses is
generally believed to be controlled by the pore pressure, including a tendency of the larger …