The role of epistasis in the genetic architecture of quantitative traits is controversial, despite
the biological plausibility that nonlinear molecular interactions underpin the genotype …

Cryptic genetic variation (CGV) is invisible under normal conditions, but it can fuel evolution
when circumstances change. In theory, CGV can represent a massive cache of adaptive …

Cryptic genetic variation can facilitate adaptation in evolving populations. To elucidate the
underlying genetic mechanisms, we used directed evolution in Escherichia coli to …

Genes encode components of coevolved and interconnected networks. The effect of
genotype on phenotype therefore depends on genotypic context through gene interactions …

Pleiotropy (whereby one genetic polymorphism affects multiple traits) and epistasis
(whereby non-linear interactions between genetic polymorphisms affect the same trait) are …

The premise of genetic analysis is that a causal link exists between phenotypic and allelic
variation. However, it has long been documented that mutant phenotypes are not a simple …

Proper functioning of complex phenotypes requires that multiple traits work together.
Examination of relationships among traits within and between complex characters and how …

Robust biological systems are expected to accumulate cryptic genetic variation that does not
affect the system output in standard conditions yet may play an evolutionary role once …

Identical disease‐causing mutations can lead to different symptoms in different people. The
reason for this has been a puzzling problem for geneticists. Differential penetrance and …

The final size of plant organs is determined by a combination of cell proliferation and cell
expansion. Leaves account for a large part of above-ground biomass and provide energy to …