The development of equine immunity from the fetus to adulthood is complex. The foal's
immune response and the immune mechanisms that they are equipped with, along with …

Intracellular cytokine staining is a flow cytometric technique consisting of culturing stimulated
cytokine-producing cells in the presence of a protein secretion inhibitor, followed by fixation …

The equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are highly successful pathogens of all members of the
Equidae family worldwide. 1-4 Of the nine EHVs characterized thus far, five types (EHV-1 to …

Equine influenza virus is a leading cause of respiratory disease in the horse. Equine
influenza vaccines containing inactivated virus were first developed in the 1960s. Despite …

Equine Herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens of the
horse. EHV-1 induces several clinical signs of disease ranging in severity, from mild …

Herpesviruses establish a well-adapted balance with their host's immune system. Despite
this co-evolutionary balance, infections can lead to severe disease including neurological …

Successful vaccination against West Nile virus (WNV) requires induction of both neutralizing
antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we have assessed the ability …

Abstract Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) continues to cause severe outbreaks of
abortions or myeloencephalopathy in horses despite widely used vaccination. The aim of …

Abstract Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection remains a significant problem despite the
widespread use of vaccines. The inability to generate a protective immune response to EHV …

Cytokines produced by T helper (Th) cells are important in orchestrating the immune
response during health and disease. Recent reports indicated that cytokine mRNA …