Females and males differ in the energy consumption and nutritional requirements which are
based on the interactions between environmental factors and sex hormones (1). The studies …

Neuroimmunology is one of the fastest-growing fields in the life sciences, and for good
reason; it fills the gap between two principal systems of the organism, the nervous system …

It has been recognized that during chronic inflammatory systemic diseases (CIDs)
maladaptations of the immune, nervous, endocrine and reproductive system occur …

Women have up to a fourfold increase in risk for autoimmune disease compared to men.
Many explanations have been proposed, including sex hormones, the X chromosome …

Thyroid autoimmunity involves loss of tolerance to thyroid proteins in genetically susceptible
individuals in association with environmental factors. In central tolerance, intrathymic …

The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has
changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and …

Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are multifactorial in nature, requiring both
genetic and environmental factors for onset. Increased predisposition of females to a wide …

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, also known as human leukocyte antigen
genes (HLA) in humans, are the prevailing contributors of genetic susceptibility to …

Both myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID
(LC) are characterized by similar immunological alterations, persistence of chronic viral …

Objectives: Studies on early life infections and risk of later celiac disease (CD) are
inconsistent but have mostly been limited to retrospective designs, inpatient data, or …