Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Abstract Although the GABAergic benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs (zolpidem,
zopiclone, and zaleplon) are FDA-approved for insomnia disorders with a strong evidence …

Highlights•Glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus provide main ascending
arousal influence from the brainstem.•GABAergic neurons in the brainstem provide the main …

Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hippocampal hyperactivity and decreased
sleep quality. Here we show that homeostatic mechanisms transiently counteract the …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Sleep is a complex physiological process that is regulated globally, regionally, and locally
by both cellular and molecular mechanisms. It occurs to some extent in all animals, although …

Sleep is a fundamental biological process observed widely in the animal kingdom, but the
neural circuits generating sleep remain poorly understood. Understanding the brain …

Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …