Coral reefs are in decline worldwide, and land‐derived sources of pollution, including
sewage, are a major force driving that deterioration. This review presents evidence that …

Ocean warming has severe impacts on coral reef ecosystems with frequent incidences of
coral bleaching. In addition, eutrophication poses an increasing threat to coral reef …

Losses of corals worldwide emphasize the need to understand what drives reef decline.
Stressors such as overfishing and nutrient pollution may reduce resilience of coral reefs by …

Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential
aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically …

Caribbean populations of the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata have declined due to
environmental stress, bleaching, and disease. Potential sources of coral mortality include …

The mass mortality of acroporid corals has transformed Caribbean reefs from coral-to
macroalgal-dominated habitats since systematic monitoring began in the 1970s. Declines …

The coral holobiont is the community of metazoans, protists and microbes associated with
scleractinian corals. Disruptions in these associations have been correlated with coral …

Microbialization refers to the observed shift in ecosystem trophic structure towards higher
microbial biomass and energy use. On coral reefs, the proximal causes of microbialization …

Tropical coral reefs harbour a reservoir of enormous biodiversity that is increasingly
threatened by direct human activities and indirect global climate shifts. Emerging coral …

The coral holobiont is a dynamic assemblage of the coral animal, zooxanthellae, endolithic
algae and fungi, Bacteria, Archaea and viruses. Zooxanthellae and some Bacteria form …