The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

In 1942, Walls described the concept of a 'nocturnal bottleneck'in placental mammals, where
these species could survive only by avoiding daytime activity during times in which …

Lateral interactions in the outer retina, particularly negative feedback from horizontal cells to
cones and direct feed-forward input from horizontal cells to bipolar cells, play a number of …

Light affects animal physiology and behavior more than simply through classical visual,
image-forming pathways. Nonvisual photoreception regulates numerous biological systems …

In craniates, opsin‐based photopigments expressed in the eye encode molecular 'light
sensors' that constitute the initial protein in photoreception and the activation of the …

Background In bright light, mammals use a distinct photopigment (melanopsin) to measure
irradiance for centrally mediated responses such as circadian entrainment. We aimed to …

Most animal opsin-based pigments are typical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and
consist of a protein moiety, opsin, and 11-cis retinal as a chromophore. More than several …

Tissue clearing combined with deep imaging has emerged as a powerful alternative to
classical histological techniques. Whereas current techniques have been optimized for …

It is now a decade since the first published reports that a small proportion of mammalian
retinal ganglion cells are directly photoresponsive. These cells have been termed …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) respond to light in the absence of
all rod and cone photoreceptor input. The existence of these ganglion cell photoreceptors …