The process of adaptive radiation—the proliferation of species from a single ancestor and
diversification into many ecologically different forms—has been of great interest to …

Osteoderms are mineralised structures consisting mainly of calcium phosphate and
collagen. They form directly within the skin, with or without physical contact with the skeleton …

Rigidity and softness are essential for robot motion and manipulation in various complex
scenarios. To integrate these two contrary features, several variable‐stiffness structures are …

With global change modifying species assemblages, our success in predicting ecosystem‐
level consequences of these new communities will depend, in part, on our ability to …

A phylogenetically diverse minority of snake and lizard species exhibit rostral and ocular
appendages that substantially modify the shape of their heads. These cephalic horns have …

The presence of dermal armor is often unambiguously considered the result of an
evolutionary predator-prey arms-race. Recent studies focusing predominantly on …

Mammals have independently evolved a wide variety of morphological adaptations for use
in avoiding death by predation, including spines, quills, dermal plates, and noxious sprays …

Vertebrate skin is a remarkable organ that supports and protects the body. It consists of two
layers, the epidermis and the underlying dermis. In some tetrapods, the dermis includes …

Animal body armour is often considered an adaptation that protects prey against predatory
attacks, yet comparative studies that link the diversification of these allegedly protective …

Osteoderms (ODs) are calcified organs formed directly within the skin of most major extant
tetrapod lineages. Lizards possibly show the greatest diversity in ODs morphology and …