Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet contains the vast majority of Earth's glacier ice (about
52 metres sea-level equivalent), but is often viewed as less vulnerable to global warming …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Antarctica's ice shelves help to control the flow of glacial ice as it drains into the ocean,
meaning that the rate of global sea-level rise is subject to the structural integrity of these …

Cryospheric responses to climate warming include glacier retreat, altitude‐dependent
thermal instability, and abundant meltwater, which increase the frequency of catastrophic …

Marine ice sheets are highly sensitive to submarine melting in their grounding zones, where
they transition between grounded and floating ice. Recently published studies of the …

Bank retreat plays a fundamental role in fluvial and estuarine dynamics. It affects the cross‐
sectional evolution of channels, provides a source of sediment, and modulates the diversity …

Future sea-level change is characterized by both quantifiable and unquantifiable
uncertainties. Effective communication of both types of uncertainty is a key challenge in …

The collapse of ice shelves could expose tall ice cliffs at ice sheet margins. The marine ice
cliff instability (MICI) is a hypothesis that predicts that, if these cliffs are tall enough, ice may …

The largest uncertainty in future sea-level rise is loss of ice from the Greenland and Antarctic
Ice Sheets. Ice shelves, freely floating platforms of ice that fringe the ice sheets, play a …