The global demand for data storage and processing has increased exponentially in recent
decades. To respond to this demand, research efforts have been devoted to the …

Spintronic devices use spin instead of charge to process information and are widely
considered as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices. In past decades …

Magnetic torques generated through spin–orbit coupling,,,,,,–promise energy-efficient
spintronic devices. For applications, it is important that these torques switch films with …

Manipulation of the magnetization of a perpendicular ferromagnetic free layer by spin–orbit
torque (SOT),,, is an attractive alternative to spin-transfer torque (STT) in oscillators and …

All-electrical and programmable manipulations of ferromagnetic bits are highly pursued for
the aim of high integration and low energy consumption in modern information technology …

Magnetization switching by current-induced spin–orbit torques is of great interest due to its
potential applications in ultralow-power memory and logic devices. The switching of …

The ability of spintronic devices to utilize an electric current for manipulating the
magnetization has resulted in large-scale developments, such as magnetic random access …

The discovery of spin-transfer torque (STT) enabled the control of the magnetization
direction in magnetic devices in nanoseconds using an electrical current. Ultrashort optical …

The global demand for data storage and processing is increasing exponentially. To deal
with this challenge, massive efforts have been devoted to the development of advanced …

The possibility of manipulating magnetic systems without applied magnetic fields have
attracted growing attention over the past fifteen years. The low-power manipulation of the …