The drawing of visual representations is important for learners and scientists alike, such as
the drawing of models to enable visual model-based reasoning. Yet few biology instructors …

Two proposals have been put forward to account conjointly for the spatial–numerical
association of response codes (SNARC) effect and the spatial–positional association of …

The ability to maintain arbitrary sequences of items in the mind contributes to major cognitive
faculties, such as language, reasoning, and episodic memory. Previous research suggests …

Abstract In 2011, van Dijck and Fias described a positional SNARC (Spatial‐Numerical
Association of Response Codes) effect: the SPoARC (Spatial‐Positional Association of …

Visuospatial bootstrap** is the name given to a phenomenon whereby performance on
visually presented verbal serial-recall tasks is better when stimuli are presented in a spatial …

Working memory (WM) is one of the most important cognitive functions that may play a role
in the relation between math anxiety (MA) and math performance. The processing efficiency …

Memory is one of the most important cognitive functions in a person's life as it is essential for
recalling personal memories and performing many everyday tasks. Although a huge number …

Previous studies have shown that serial order in verbal working memory is spontaneously
coded along the horizontal axis (ie, the spatial positional association response codes …

Most primary school students, although they grasp the scientific concepts of heat convection
at the macroscopic level, commonly fail to visualize those concepts. Therefore, our research …

Studies on the SPoARC effect have shown that serial information is spatially processed in
working memory. However, it remains unknown whether these spatial–positional …