Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) represents an evolutionarily conserved family of
secreted polypeptide factors that regulate many aspects of physiological embryogenesis …

Bone remodeling is a continuous process that maintains the homeostasis of the skeletal
system, and it depends on the homeostasis between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of the TGF-β family of growth and
differentiation factors, which is encoded by 33 genes in mammals and comprises homo-and …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a
diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with high
incidence and mortality, accounting for approximately 90% of liver cancer. The development …

Renal fibrosis, irrespective of its etiology, is a final common stage of almost all chronic
kidney diseases. Increased apoptosis, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, and …

TGF-β signaling controls a plethora of cellular responses and figures prominently in animal
development. Recent cellular, biochemical, and structural studies have revealed significant …

Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion
and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of growth factors control the development
and homeostasis of most tissues in metazoan organisms. Work over the past few years has …

The recent identification of the SMAD family of signal transducer proteins has unravelled the
mechanisms by which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signals from the cell membrane …