Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by altered social
interaction and communication, and repetitive, restricted, inflexible behaviors. Approximately …

This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers …

Abstract The 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) neurotoxic lesion of the midbrain dopamine
(DA) system is one of the most widely used techniques for modelling Parkinson's disease in …

Accelerated head and brain growth (macrocephaly) during development is a replicated
biological finding in a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However …

Some cases of autism spectrum disorder have mutations in the lipid phosphatase,
phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (Pten). Tissue specific deletion of Pten …

Midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons play an essential role in cognitive and motor behaviours
and are linked to different brain disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying …

Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have dysphoric properties in humans and are
aversive in rodents. This has been attributed to the activation of KORs within the mesolimbic …

Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative/nitrosative stress, as occurs during aging,
contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In contrast, detoxification of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive age‐related movement disorder that results
primarily from the selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Symptoms of PD …

PTEN is a lipid and protein phosphatase that regulates cell growth and survival. Mutations to
PTEN are highly penetrant for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we briefly review the …