Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Orexin‐A and orexin‐B, also named hypocretin‐1 and hypocretin‐2, are two hypothalamic
neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by …

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is an intractable syndrome, and rising overdose death rates
represent a substantial public health crisis that exacts tremendous personal and financial …

The neurotransmitter dopamine has central roles in mood, appetite, arousal and movement.
Despite its importance in brain physiology and function, and as a target for illicit and …

People with depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders can experience motivational
dysfunctions such as fatigue and anergia, which involve reduced exertion of effort in goal …

Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous
system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1 …

Based on social support theory and exercise promotion health theory, we verified the
mediating role of exercise self-efficacy and health-related quality of life in the relationship …

Drug addiction is a global public health crisis, and the design of antiaddiction drugs remains
a major challenge due to intricate mechanisms. Since experimental drug screening and …

In this chapter we provide an overview of the pharmacological and circuit mechanisms that
determine the willingness to expend effort in pursuit of rewards. A particular focus will be on …

Background Addiction is a chronic and relapsing brain disorder. Despite numerous
neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies on individuals with substance use disorder …