Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …

The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, systemic, inflammatory disorder that
affects synovial joints, both small and large joints, in a symmetric pattern. This disorder …

Nearly 130 years after the first insights into the existence of mitochondria, new
rolesassociated with these organelles continue to emerge. As essential hubs that dictate cell …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and
adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational …

T and B cells express most cholinergic system components—eg, acetylcholine (ACh),
choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase, and both muscarinic and nicotinic …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are bacterial nanoparticles that are spontaneously
released during growth both in vitro and in vivo by Gram-negative bacteria. They are …

Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) that express unmethylated “CpG motifs” trigger cells that
express Toll-like receptor 9. In humans this includes plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells …