Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that, whilst initially driven by
activation of brain reward neurocircuits, increasingly engages anti-reward neurocircuits that …

Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a ubiquitous property of the nervous system that
allows neurons to communicate and change their connections as a function of past …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

INTRODUCTION Although the cerebellum has long been considered to be a purely motor
structure, recent studies have revealed that it also has critical nonmotor functions. Cerebellar …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent but severely under-treated disorder, with
only three widely-approved pharmacotherapies. Given that AUD is a very heterogeneous …

Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Addiction is a disease in which, after a period of recreational use, a subset of individuals
develops compulsive use that does not stop even in light of major negative consequences …

Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

In an increasing number of states and countries, cannabis now stands poised to join alcohol
and tobacco as a legal drug. Quantifying the relative adverse and beneficial effects of …