Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that, whilst initially driven by
activation of brain reward neurocircuits, increasingly engages anti-reward neurocircuits that …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

This review gives an account of the cigarette as a highly efficient nicotine delivery system. It
explains how nicotine induces pleasure, reduces stress and anxiety, and causes addiction …

INTRODUCTION Although the cerebellum has long been considered to be a purely motor
structure, recent studies have revealed that it also has critical nonmotor functions. Cerebellar …

Stress is a well‐known risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse
vulnerability. A series of population‐based and epidemiological studies have identified …

Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels allow K+ to move more easily into rather than out of the
cell. They have diverse physiological functions depending on their type and their location …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

A neurobiological model of the brain emotional systems has been proposed to explain the
persistent changes in motivation that are associated with vulnerability to relapse in …