2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the
ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Abstract The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has developed the third Japanese global
atmospheric reanalysis, the Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q) …

This study introduces CNRM‐ESM2‐1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation
developed by CNRM‐CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison …

In this review, instead of summarizing all the advances and progress achieved in
stratospheric research, the main advances and new developments in stratosphere …

When evaluating the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on Earth's climate, it is widely
assumed that instantaneous radiative forcing from a doubling of a given CO2 concentration …

In 1967, scientists used a simple climate model to predict that human-caused increases in
atmospheric CO2 should warm Earth's troposphere and cool the stratosphere. This …

Temperature observations of the upper-air atmosphere are now available for more than 40
years from both ground-and satellite-based observing systems. Recent years have seen …