Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

Metabolic rewiring underlies the effector functions of macrophages,–, but the mechanisms
involved remain incompletely defined. Here, using unbiased metabolomics and stable …

Over the recent years, much has been unraveled about the pro-inflammatory properties of
various mitochondrial molecules once they are leaving the mitochondrial compartment. On …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells comprising a variety of
subsets, as either resident or migrating cells, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. In the …

Mitochondrial abnormalities have been noted in lupus, but the causes and consequences
remain obscure. Autophagy-related genes ATG5, ATG7 and IRGM have been previously …

TLR8 is among the highest-expressed pattern-recognition receptors in the human myeloid
compartment, yet its mode of action is poorly understood. TLR8 engages two distinct ligand …

The mitochondrion is an intracellular organelle thought to originate from endosymbiosis
between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and an α-proteobacterium. Mitochondria are the …

Interferons are a group of immunomodulatory substances produced by the human immune
system in response to the presence of pathogens, especially during viral and bacterial …