▪ Abstract Infection in insects stimulates a complex defensive response. Recognition of
pathogens may be accomplished by plasma or hemocyte proteins that bind specifically to …

An animal's ability to resist disease is usually estimated by measuring one or more
components of the immune system. There is an assumption that these assays of immunity …

Phenol oxidase (PO) is known to play an important role in defense mechanisms in insect
immunity. It is present as a zymogen in insect hemolymph, and can be activated by a specific …

To predict the effects of changing climates on insect distribution and abundance, a clear
understanding of the mechanisms that underlie critical thermal limits is required. In insects …

Prophenoloxidase (PPO) is a key enzyme associated with both melanin biosynthesis and
sclerotization in insects. This enzyme is involved in three physiologically important …

Phenoloxidase (monophenol, l-dopa: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14. 18.1) is a
multicopper oxidase, which plays an important role in melanin synthesis, necessary for …

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a major component of the insect immune system. The enzyme is
involved in encapsulation and melanization processes as well as wound healing and cuticle …

Prophenoloxidase (PPO) was isolated from the hemolymph of Ostrinia furnacalis larvae and
purified to homogeneity. A 369.85-fold purification and 35.34% recovery of activity were …

Some refractory anopheline mosquitoes are capable of killing Plasmodium, the causative
agent of malaria, by melanotic encapsulation of invading ookinetes. Phenoloxidase (PO) …

Insects do not possess innnunoglobulins and other complicated immune proteins found in
higher animals. However, they are equipped with a highly effective defense arsenal to …