Climate extremes threaten human health, economic stability, and the well-being of natural
and built environments (eg, 2003 European heat wave). As the world continues to warm …

Background Increases in fire activity and changes in fire regimes have been documented in
recent decades across the western United States. Climate change is expected to continue to …

Earth's forests harbor extensive biodiversity and are currently a major carbon sink. Forest
conservation and restoration can help mitigate climate change; however, climate change …

Climate change threatens the health and survival of urban trees and the various benefits
they deliver to urban inhabitants. Here, we show that 56% and 65% of species in 164 cities …

Rising water temperatures in rivers due to climate change are already having observable
impacts on river ecosystems. Warming water has both direct and indirect impacts on aquatic …

Droughts occur naturally, but climate change has generally accelerated the hydrological
processes to make them set in quicker and become more intense, with many consequences …

Key message Wildfire danger and burnt areas should increase over the century in southern
Europe, owing to climate warming. Fire-prone area expansion to the north and to …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Quercus infectoria and Quercus libani are two important species distributed across most of
the Kurdistan Region of Iraq's mountain ranges (KRI). They have significant ecological …

Expanding the global protected area network is critical for addressing biodiversity declines
and the climate crisis. However, how climate change will affect ecosystem representation …