Pesticides are important chemicals or biological agents that deter or kill pests. The use of
pesticides has continued to increase as it is still considered the most effective method to …

Simple Summary Honey bees play a pivotal role in the sustainability of ecosystems and
biodiversity. Many factors including parasites, pathogens, pesticide residues, forage losses …

Declining insect population sizes are provoking grave concern around the world as insects
play essential roles in food production and ecosystems. Environmental contamination by …

The honey bee Apis mellifera is an important pollinator that increases the yield and quality of
crops. In recent years, honey bee populations have declined in some parts of the world …

Large-scale insecticide application is a primary weapon in the control of insect pests in
agriculture. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that it is contributing to the …

Imidacloprid severely poisons the nontarget insect honey bee Apis mellifera. Few treatments
are available to mitigate the adverse effects of imidacloprid. The primary concern is that the …

Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide widely used for insect pest control, has become a
potential pollutant to pollinators. Previous reports have demonstrated the toxicity of this drug …

Simple Summary Nosemosis is a disease in bees that causes severe problems for their
vitality, reproduction and productivity. Traditionally, the treatment involves the application of …

Simple Summary In recent decades, there has been serious concern about the decline of
honeybees in the world. One of the most debated factors contributing to bee population …

Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) are crucial when develo** national strategies to
manage adverse effects from pesticide exposure to natural populations. Yet, estimating risk …