Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers and by diverse ecological
processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered by climate change and other …

In an epoch of rapid environmental change, understanding and predicting how biodiversity
will respond to a changing climate is an urgent challenge. Since we seldom have sufficient …

BACKGROUND Climate change impacts have now been documented across every
ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only~ 1° C so far. Here, we describe the …

Differences in phenological responses to climate change among species can desynchronise
ecological interactions and thereby threaten ecosystem function. To assess these threats …

The reasons for concern framework communicates scientific understanding about risks in
relation to varying levels of climate change. The framework, now a cornerstone of the IPCC …

Many studies have recorded phenotypic changes in natural populations and attributed them
to climate change. However, controversy and uncertainty has arisen around three levels of …

The topics assessed in this chapter were last assessed by the IPCC in 2007, principally in
WGII AR4 Chapters 3 (Kundzewicz et al., 2007) and 4 (Fischlin et al., 2007), but also in WGII …

Global change drivers are known to interact in their effects on biodiversity, but much
research to date ignores this complexity. As a consequence, there are problems in the …

Climate change is predicted to become a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century, but
accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult to formulate. Alarming …

Ecology and evolution have long been recognized as reciprocally influencing each other,
with recent research emphasizing how such interactions can occur even on very short …