The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

The contribution of glutamate to synaptic transmission, plasticity and development is well
established; current evidence is based on diverse approaches to decipher function and …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

One of the most common paradigms used to study the biological basis of emotion, as well as
of learning and memory, is Pavlovian fear conditioning. In the acquisition phase of a fear …

Fear conditioning is a valuable behavioral paradigm for studying the neural basis of
emotional learning and memory. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a crucial site of …

Memory is supported by a specific collection of neurons distributed in broad brain areas, an
engram. Despite recent advances in identifying an engram, how the engram is created …

A large proportion of humans will experience a traumatic event at least once in their lifetime,
with up to 10% then going on to develo** posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this …

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is the attenuation of the startle reflex when the sudden intense
startling stimulus is shortly preceded by a weaker, non-startling sensory stimulus (prepulse) …

There is now compelling evidence that the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate
plays a pivotal role in drug addiction and alcoholism. As a result, there has been increasing …

Two different mutations in the FMR1 gene may lead to autism. The full mutation, with> 200
CGG repeats in the 5′ end of FMR1, leads to hypermethylation and transcriptional …