The greatest impacts of climate change on ecosystems, wildlife and humans often arise from
extreme events rather than changes in climatic means. Northern high latitudes, including the …

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation
determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It …

Our current 1.1 C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

In recent decades, surface air temperature (SAT) data from Global reanalyses points to
maximum warming over the northern Barents area. However, a scarcity of observations …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The Arctic is rapidly warming and experiencing tremendous changes in sea ice, ocean and
terrestrial regions. Lack of long-term scientific observations makes it difficult to assess …

Dramatic environmental shifts are occuring throughout the Arctic from climate change, with
consequences for the cycling of mercury (Hg). This review summarizes the latest science on …

Our understanding of ungulate migration is advancing rapidly due to innovations in modern
animal tracking. Herein, we review and synthesize nearly seven decades of work on …

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other region on the planet, and the northern Barents
Sea, including the Svalbard Archipelago, is experiencing the fastest temperature increases …

This paper reviews and analyses the past 20 years of change and variability of European
mountain permafrost in response to climate change based on time series of ground …