Epistasis occurs when the effect of a mutation depends on its carrier's genetic background.
Despite increasing evidence that epistasis for fitness is common, its role during evolution is …

The genotype–fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution,
yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its …

Microbial consortia exhibit complex functional properties in contexts ranging from soils to
bioreactors to human hosts. Understanding how community composition determines …

Fitness landscape theory predicts that rugged landscapes with multiple peaks impair
Darwinian evolution, but experimental evidence is limited. In this study, we used genome …

Experimental studies of evolution have increased greatly in number in recent years,
stimulated by the growing power of genomic tools. However, organismal fitness remains the …

The structure of fitness landscapes is critical for understanding adaptive protein evolution.
Previous empirical studies on fitness landscapes were confined to either the neighborhood …

Genotype–phenotype relationships are notoriously complicated. Idiosyncratic interactions
between specific combinations of mutations occur and are difficult to predict. Yet it is …

By formalizing the relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness, fitness
landscapes harbor information on molecular and evolutionary constraints. The shape of the …

Directed protein evolution applies repeated rounds of genetic mutagenesis and phenotypic
screening and is often limited by experimental throughput. Through in silico prioritization of …

Natural selection drives evolving populations up the fitness landscape, the projection from
nucleotide sequence space to organismal reproductive success. While it has long been …