The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded)
vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of …

Single‐domain antibodies (sdAbs), the autonomous variable domains of camelid and shark
heavy‐chain antibodies, have many desirable properties as components of biologic drugs …

The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was
accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws …

The B cell receptor and secreted antibody are at the nexus of humoral adaptive immunity. In
this review, we summarize what is known of the immunoglobulin genes of jawed …

The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing
antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 …

With 18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) products currently on the market and more than 100 in
clinical trials, it is clear that engineered antibodies have come of age as biopharmaceuticals …

The VitalBook e-book version of Biology of Fishes is only available only in the US and
Canada at the present time. To purchase or rent please visit https://store. vitalsource …

Adaptive immunity is mediated through numerous genetic and cellular processes that
generate favourable somatic variants of antigen-binding receptors under evolutionary …

With just three CDRs in their variable domains, the antigen-binding site of camelid heavy-
chain-only antibodies (HcAbs) has a more limited structural diversity than that of …