Molybdenum, lithium, and tungsten are constituents of many products, and exposure to
these elements potentially occurs at work. Therefore it is important to determine at what …

Tungsten is a relatively rare metal with numerous applications, most notably in machine
tools, catalysts, and superalloys. In 2003, tungsten was nominated for study under the …

Cobalt (Co) alloys have been used for over seven decades in a wide range of medical
devices, including, but not limited to, hip and knee implants, surgical tools, and vascular …

Cobalt is a transition group metal present in trace amounts in the human diet, but in larger
doses it can be acutely toxic or cause adverse health effects in chronic exposures. Its use in …

Tungsten is a refractory metal that is used in a wide range of applications. It was initially
perceived that tungsten was immobile in the environment, supporting tungsten as an …

Background: The majority of modern war wounds are characterized by high-energy blast
injuries containing a wide range of retained foreign materials of a metallic or composite …

Continued improvements in the ballistic properties of military munitions have led to metal
formulations for which little are known about the long-term health effects. Previously we have …

Background Wounds with embedded metal fragments are an unfortunate consequence of
armed conflicts. In many cases the exact identity of the metal (s) and their long-term health …

As a consequence of military operations, many veterans suffer from penetrating wounds and
long-term retention of military-grade heavy metal fragments. Fragments vary in size and …

Pigments are among the oldest nanoparticulate products known to mankind, and their use in
tattoos is also very old. Nowadays, 25% of American people aged 18 to 50 are tattooed …