Spiders have been evolving complex and diverse repertoires of peptides in their venoms
with vast pharmacological activities for more than 300 million years. Spiders use their …

Spiders (Araneae), having thrived for over 300 million years, exhibit remarkable diversity,
with 47,000 described species and an estimated 150,000 species in existence. Evolving …

In millions of years, spiders have optimized their venoms in order to assure successful prey
capture and defence against predators. Spider venoms have become unique cocktails of …

Phoneutria nigriventer is one of the largest existing true spiders and one of the few
considered medically relevant. Its venom contains several neurotoxic peptides that act on …

Introduction: Spider venoms are a unique source of bioactive peptides, many of which
display remarkable biological stability and neuroactivity. Phoneutria nigriventer, often …

The venom of Phoneutria nigriventer spider has been extensively studied. It is highly
neurotoxic, with clinical manifestations occurring a few minutes after the bite, mainly in …

Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom has been studied for more than 40 years and several
components with pharmacological potential have been described in it. However, studies on …

PURPOSE: Cardiac dysfunction is one of the possible causes of sudden unexpected death
in epilepsy (SUDEP). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate cardiac and …

Many animal toxins may target the same molecules that need to be controlled in certain
pathologies; therefore, some toxins have led to the formulation of drugs that are presently …

Background and aims Cholinergic agents cause antinociception by mimicking the release of
acetylcholine (ACh) from spinal cholinergic nerves. PhKv is a peptide isolated from the …