Strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, particularly those that are multiresistant, are an
increasing major health care problem around the world. It is now abundantly clear that both …

Antibiotics are powerful drugs used in the treatment of bacterial infections. The inappropriate
use of these medicines has driven the dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in most …

The presence of antibiotics can exert significant selection pressure on the emergence and
spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) …

Background Antibacterial biocides and metals can co-select for antibiotic resistance when
bacteria harbour resistance or tolerance genes towards both types of compounds. Despite …

Conjugation drives the horizontal transfer of adaptive traits across prokaryotes. One-fourth of
the plasmids encode the functions necessary to conjugate autonomously, the others being …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile multiprotein nanomachines spanning the
entire cell envelope in Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. They play important …

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and integrative and conjugative
elements (ICEs), are main drivers for the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR). Coevolution …

Co-pollution of soil with pesticide residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is
increasing due to the substantial usage of pesticides and organic fertilizers in greenhouse …

Escherichia coli is mostly a commensal of birds and mammals, including humans, where it
can act as an opportunistic pathogen. It is also found in water and sediments. We …

Bacteria with two cell membranes (diderms) have evolved complex systems for protein
secretion. These systems were extensively studied in some model bacteria, but the …