Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this …

Innate immunity is the first response to protect against pathogens and cellular insults.
Pattern recognition receptors sense pathogen-and damage-associated molecular patterns …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

The ubiquitin system is complex, multifaceted, and is crucial for the modulation of a vast
number of cellular processes. Ubiquitination is tightly regulated at different levels by a range …

Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key mediator of cell
death and inflammation. The unique hydrophobic pocket in the allosteric regulatory domain …

Apoptosis is crucial for the normal development of the nervous system, whereas neurons in
the adult CNS are relatively resistant to this form of cell death. However, under pathological …

Ubiquitination is one of the most important post‐translational modifications which plays a
significant role in conserving the homeostasis of cellular proteins. In the ubiquitination …

Members of the caspase family of proteases play essential roles in the initiation and
execution of apoptosis. These caspases are divided into two groups: the initiator caspases …

Since its discovery in 1975, TNFα has been a subject of intense study as it plays significant
roles in both immunity and cancer. Such attention is well deserved as TNFα is unique in its …