Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

Irrigation accounts for~ 70% of global freshwater withdrawals and~ 90% of consumptive
water use, driving myriad Earth system impacts. In this Review, we summarize how irrigation …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

Groundwater resources are vital to ecosystems and livelihoods. Excessive groundwater
withdrawals can cause groundwater levels to decline,,,,,,,,–, resulting in seawater intrusion …

Increasing floods and droughts are raising concerns of an accelerating water cycle,
however, the relative contributions to streamflow changes from climate and land …

Our current 1.1° C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

Using publicly-available average monthly groundwater level data in 478 sub-basins and 30
basins in Iran, we quantify country-wide groundwater depletion in Iran. Natural and …

Irrigated agriculture accounts for∼ 90% of anthropogenic freshwater consumption, is
deployed on 22% of cultivated land, and provides 40% of global food production. Expanding …

Water scarcity is a global challenge, yet existing responses are failing to cope with current
shocks and stressors, including those attributable to climate change. In sub-Saharan Africa …

Groundwater is by far the largest unfrozen freshwater resource on the planet. It plays a
critical role as the bottom of the hydrologic cycle, redistributing water in the subsurface and …